What is Stanford Business School Essay Essay Example

What is Stanford Business School Essay Paper Stanford Business School is one of the most prestigious and desirable school to study in. It is one of the seven professional schools of Stanford University. The school offers programs MBA, MSc (for people with work experience), Ph.D., as well as joint programs with schools of science, education, engineering, law, and medicine. Among the graduates of the school are CEO of General Motors Company — Mary Barra, billionaire Sid Bass, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, President and CEO of eBay — John Donoghue, founder of Nike — Phil Knight, co-founder of Capital One — Richard Fairbank and founder of Victorias Secret — Roy Raymond. At Stanford Graduate School of Business studied, but did not finish, US President John Kennedy. Thousands of applicants every year submit documents to the Stanford business school selection committee. However, obviously, not all of them will succeed. How to bypass competitors and become noticed in the whirlpool of applications? First of all, you should set up your goals. You should clearly understand what you are doing and why. Try to make a self-examination to comprehend your actual purposes. Most people do not achieve anything, because they have nothing to achieve. Have you noticed that hunters don’t go to the forest just to hunt? In a few days in advance, they clearly know who they want to shoot. Whether a bear, or a duck, or some other wild beast. To do this, they pick up special rifles, cartridges, choose the best place that will increase their chances of success. We need to apply the same strategy in business. Try to imagine the opportunities you will get applying Stanford, visualize your future, try to envision what will happen after earning your MBA. Think about your future business marketing plan. All these things will help you to see the light at the end of the tunnel. So, get to work — start writing. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How to make a successful essay in 2018 Question one is how to begin. The best way to start a Stanford MBA essay is to sit, abstract and start working. Don’t be nervous, anxiety and fear will only prevent you from impressive essays. Leave the worries to someone else. Try to use the essay as a deep self-examination to explain your decision and show your future plans. Try to tell your story, include things that matter exactly to you. Your essay can genuinely illustrate your ambitions and plans. Why do I need Stanford gsb MBA? You should primarily answer this question. Clear goals will convince the selection committee that you are ready to enter Stanford Business School. Young people usually have a tendency to idealize things around them. They have huge ambitions and quite often see the world through rose-tinted glasses. Use it as your power. Don’t be afraid of your own opinions, so many men, so many minds. Conversely, try to be fresh and new, show all your potential, express yourself. Don’t focus on someone’s else thoughts, develop your own ideas and critical thinking. Under no circumstances copy your essays! The most impressive essays are the most authentic. Resist the urge to put yourself into what you think Stanford wants to hear. Doing so will only keep the selection committee from understanding who you really are and what you hope to accomplish, it will hinder them to get to know you. Nowadays reality dictates the rules — novelty is in fashion. Business essay step by step The beginning of each essay plays a crucial role in a selection committee verdict. Inappropriate start of your Stanford essay will result to the denial of your application. First of all, think carefully, what you will be writing about. You have to answer 2 questions: â€Å"What matters most to you, and why?† and â€Å"Why Stanford?†. The first part of Stanfords essay is unique. No other business school will ask you this type of question. It is more like an application for a program on philosophy than an MBA. Here are some tips on how to answer it properly: 1.Do some deep self-examination, so you can genuinely illustrate who you are and how you came to be the person you are. Share the insights, experiences, and lessons that shaped your perspectives, rather than focusing merely on what you’ve done or accomplished. Write from the heart, and illustrate how a person, situation, or event has influenced you. Focus on the â€Å"why† rather than the â€Å"what.† The second question requires: Explain your decision to pursue graduate education in management. Explain the distinctive opportunities you will pursue at Stanford. If you are applying to both the MBA and MSx programs, use this part of the essay to address your interest in both programs. The properly structured essay can illustrate how well a person organized is and emphasize only positive sides of the applicant. The next step is to find a simple answer to essay questions. There is no need to reinvent the wheel. Try to sound like a confident person; self-doubt will only reveal that you feel like a fish out of water. Include your professional accomplishments, show yourself from the best side, avoid hesitance and doubts. Focusing merely on what you’ve already done will help you to move on. Don’t give up! Show what goals you will pursue and try to be precise and clear. Rather than focusing on your drawbacks, try to accentuate the advantages of your personality, academic and professional achievements. Stick to the suggested word count; there is no need to write too much; it will only distract the selection committee and make them bored. Preview the uploaded documents. As it is said, score twice before you cut once. Do not be lazy to check everything twice, be aware that this one document will determine your future. Stick to the application deadlines; you will need to be attentive and understand that you will need much time to prepare. For sure save a copy of your Stanford essays. In case of failure, you will have an opportunity to work on your mistakes and realize what exactly was done wrong. Then it will help you in building a business plan. When everything is behind, you will need to be patient and wait for your results. Why do we need a perfect essay Stanford MBA application can become the most important step towards a successful future. On this tipping point, you should put yourself together and begin to work. Stanford MBA program is really complicated and challenging. Consider whether you are ready? Ask your friends to help you to realize if you are capable of doing this. It will enable to avoid self-delusion. Nevertheless, believe in yourself! Friends and family should become reliable support, but don’t allow them to edit or give feedback to your essays, entrust this part to the professionals. We will help you to realize, how to succeed and tell you everything that you need to know. Visit paperap.com or help and advice, and we will do our job at the highest level.

Uniting the People of Western Europe essays

Uniting the People of Western Europe essays By the end of World War II, the nations of Western Europe all faced the burdens of the post-war economies. If not totally destroyed, a nation was in chaos and needed dramatic reconstruction. This is where democratic societies stepped in; the recreation of sturdy government was crucial to the revival of Western European countries. Within just a few years after the defeat of Italy and Germany, the European hemisphere bounced back into a stronger, more efficient society than ever before. Some call this the "Golden Age of the European economy." As human life became more and more complex and difficult to manage, the government had to accommodate to the citizen's needs and wants. Because of the basic importance of the contemporary social structure, its management had a crucial importance in making the countries work. Europe was used to strict authority over its people and complexity in the way they handle a countries affairs was not accepted. "Europe was a very special situation though because it has a long record of traditional social control imposed over the individual by collective authorities, especially the state, and hierarchal religious institutions. Another problem that was going on in modern Western Europe" (pg.21, Crozier) the military grew in size a great deal, West European armed forces grew from forty-two thousand to almost eighty thousand within five years after the Second World War. Especially in the country of France. With the militant group emerging larger than ever, the government was working with more cit izens first hand, by supporting the working military group. One of the main pieces to making a modern democracy work was inducing the people to want to partake in the government and have them strive to get involved with the mending of the societal crisis. All post-war European countries had to live through the same costly situation of having to restore their country's trade, government, social harmony, be at peace with ...

Franchise Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Franchise Business - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the origin of franchising. The history of franchising dates back to 1850’s when an American entrepreneur Isaac Singer the inventor of the sewing machine chose to sell licenses to other entrepreneurs in different parts of the country. This idea was prompted by the fact that his company staff could not provide sufficient training to the customers who bought his product. In 1960, Ray Kroc, an American fast food businessman after taking over small chains of food companies laid strong foundations for one of the most successful food franchises in the world. Due to globalization and reduction of barriers to international trade like tariffs, many firms driven by the need to increase production of goods and services have used franchising as a perfect tool to market their products in other countries outside the place of incorporation. Multinational companies like Coca-Cola, a producer of drinks and leading firms in automobile industry like Toyota are operat ing in almost every part of the world through franchising. In the 20th century, most of the world’s economies followed expansionary paths, with many firms finding a solution to increase their customer base in operating businesses in foreign countries. During this period, most countries had an exponential increase in population growth rates that necessitated accommodating foreign firms in an economy for this would spur employment opportunities. (Hammond, 2011). Businesses that are run of franchising rails stand a chance of excelling because the products as well as services brought in the market place have been established by the franchisor and the setbacks in launching a new product were dealt with originally. Again, a proven business formula has been put in place for marketing the product, and the franchisee’s business will not need extra time to pick momentum in the new market place. For businessmen and women, trading with already tested products offers income (Hiam, 2007). Nature of the business This franchising business is global, whereby the multinational has a registered head office in the country of incorporation. Coca-Cola Limited is an example of a franchise which has its head office in New York, U.S.A. being, spread to almost each country in almost every continent, each country has a registered head office where the major policies and administrative functions are carried out from. At country level, Coca-Cola Limited after assessing the market potential of its products and analyzing the annual demand of its drinks will enter into an agreement with potential business firms to aid in the production and distribution of its products to the entire nation. Other business operations like carrying out market research, mobilizing the locally available raw materials will thus be made easy through this arrangement. In return, the business firm turned franchise will generate income from the sale of the drinks to the local customers. The business turns them to their ‘own boss ’ since they now operate their own firms. On the same note, Coca-Cola Limited will lay down the procedures and rules that are to be followed by the successful franchises to carry out the business (Nash, 2000). This will make the franchises from violating Coca-Cola’s policy which may damage the reputation of their products. Coordination between the franchisor an

Moda Textile Factory - Kyrgyzstan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moda Textile Factory - Kyrgyzstan - Case Study Example They can also seek help from international agencies through their website and through networking sites like facebook and Youtube. Both these platforms can be effective for finding the type of business partners that they are looking for. Sergei and Olga should not abandon their dream of producing fashionable cashmere coats in their factory. Internet has emerged has very effective medium for entrepreneurs, big and small businessmen and people at large who want to expand their business across the globe. As Sergei has realized the potential of computer and internet, creating a webpage of their firm would hugely help their business. They can also develop design catalogue of their trendy ladies garments, including winter collection, showcasing fashionable ladies cashmere coats. It would be cost effective as against the printing of the same. This would help to expose their designs to larger client base, reaching across the continents. The social networking sites are also powerful medium for developing business contacts and customers. (words:

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls Essay - 1

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls - Essay Example Under the elimination of costs, one of the secretaries under the administrator would need to be eliminated. However, security would not be affected because it is a factor that is very necessary within a mental health agency. Dr. White could begin preparing for reduced budgets by, first, advising the present staff of the proposed eliminated in costs. She should advise them that the costs are necessary in order to maintain the operation and well-being of the agency. Additionally, Dr. White could also review the resumes of the present employees and interview them again to derive more of their skills. These skills could be used to replace the services that will be eliminated by the proposed budget cuts. Under the traditional method, the cost of advertising and warehouse expense allocated to both of the two major businesses, one manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use in circuses, etc. and the other sells bicycles to the public, was 2.5 million for the cost of advertising and 1.5 million for warehouse expense. Since the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use yields a greater profit (150 million) than the business that sells bicycles to the public (20 million), it is recommended that the majority of the cost of advertising and warehouse expense be allocated to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use. ... Part B: Under the traditional method, the cost of advertising and warehouse expense allocated to both of the two major businesses, one manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use in circuses, etc. and the other sells bicycles to the public, was 2.5 million for the cost of advertising and 1.5 million for warehouse expense.Since the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use yields a greater profit (150 million) than the business that sells bicycles to the public (20 million), it is recommended that the majority of the cost of advertising and warehouse expense be allocated to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use. Moreover, $4,937,500 should be allocated for the cost of advertising to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use, and only $62,500 should be allocated for the cost of advertising of the business that sells bicycles to the public.Additionally, $2,962,500 should be allocated for warehouse expense to the business that manufactures and sells unicycles for commercial use while only $37,500 should be allocated for warehouse expense to the business that sells bicycles to the public. However, there are certain issues that may arise from allocating too many expenses to each of the businesses. For example: if one of the businesses is allocated too much money for advertising, the other business may suffer because it would not have enough money in its budget to advertise properly and effectively.Also, if a business is allocated too little expenses, the business could lose out on certain business ventures that may benefit the company and yield a

The Film Jurassic Park | Analysis

The Film Jurassic Park | Analysis Oscar nomination To: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The film Jurassic Park has a very captivating plot with a very controversial and strong theme of science versus ethics and is a very strong candidate for an Academy Award and could be nominated for the best film of the year. Jurassic Park is a very deep film, which touches on the morality of scientific discoveries and experiments. It has a really strong theme and message. Jurassic Park is a fantastic film, not just for its thrills and visual effects, but for a plot that is meaningful and entertaining. The main theme, Science versus ethics, is very polemic and not very discussed and touched by the media, making the film even more interesting and captivating. The film does not only entertain the audience but it also makes the viewers think and analyse the ethics behind such a science experiment and discovery. Furthermore the film does not only discuss its theme and makes you think, it also sends a message across successfully: the consequences of the desire of exerting control over nature. As a thriller Steven Spielberg successfully creates suspense making the viewer entertained and thrilled. To create the excruciating suspense required for the plot, Steven Spielberg has used more than just the plot itself but also used effects such as sound, different type of shots and angles, colours and light, which all contributed to build up the tension of the movie. Steven Spielberg has shown in earlier movies directed by him, such as Jaws that he is more than capable of creating suspense and tension in his movies, and with Jurassic Park he proved once again that when it comes to effects he is one step ahead of everyone. The dinosaur, just like the setting, is very realistic, full of details and information, making the movie real and interesting. Even more than a decade later the visual effects remain solidly effective. The sounds used in the film helped to create a suspenseful and adventurous mood across the entire film, making it exiting and not even for a second tedious. The use of light and colours in the movie helps to develop the suspense and mystery already created. In many scenes the light is placed behind the animal or person, creating a silhouette and that creates a mysterious mood, because you can see the person or animal but not clearly. The colours help to create a more realistic scenario, earthy colours such as browns and greens are used often during the film. They also help to expand the mystery of the film as the colours do not give away much information and create an unknown mood of suspense. More over when the director wants the viewer to focus on a specific thing or wants to direct your attention to something he uses bright colours. For example the cars become a focal point and stand out from the setting because of the use of bright colours. The colour of the cars contrasts with the field, making the cars more noticeable. Green is the main colour as it is related to nature. Very often the director uses red details in the scenes, symbo lizing danger, small things such as a scarf that the female main character wears in the beginning of the film or details in the car, creating a mood of danger to the viewers. Moreover, Steven Spielberg also uses different types of shots and camera angles to create the suspense in the film. The shot types and angles, differ from the effects, colours, lights and sounds isnt something that the viewers would pick up on from the first time they watch the movie. Only when one stops to analyse it, does the subconscious pick things up, and without us even noticing it the angles of the camera builds and direct the viewers mood. Steven Spielberg incorporates all types of shots and very successfully creates extremely suspenseful mood in the film. An example of a long shot is when they show the dinosaurs for the first time. The camera shows the setting from far, positioning the characters close to the dinosaur, accentuating and visually stating the size difference between them. The-close up shots and extreme close up shots are used to show details, such as details in the dinosaurs, like its eyes, legs (showing its movement and creating tension), its mouth (creating a fearful mood). The close up shots are also used to create dynamics, for example when the camera zooms in to the big foot print of the Tyrannosaur on the ground full of water and in the water the reflection of the head of one of the characters, again comparing the size of a human to the size of the dinosaur. The use of angles is added to the shots to help to create mood. In Jurassic Park for example, the low angle is often used when shooting a dinosaur. This angle helps to make the dinosaur appear bigger and consequently creating a fearful and scary mood. The eye level from the kids point of view is also used many times throughout the film, making the viewer feel smaller and vulnerable compared with the situation and the dinosaurs, creating a mood of fear and generating suspense. The over the shoulder shots are used to give the viewer the sensation of been present there and been part of the film, making the film even more captivating and entertaining. Steven Spielberg, just like in his previous movies, allows the unknown to build tension and mystery. The movie starts off with an attack, but the trick is, the viewer does not see what has made the, they just know its happening. That builds up tension and curiosity for the viewers. Later on in the film, just before the exposure of the dinosaurs, the main characters are in a car, the woman is wearing a red scarf, symbolizing danger. The guy has seen something and is looking very surprised- the woman hasnt seen it yet and neither have the viewers. The man gently turns the womans head so she can see what he is seeing. The camera focus on the surprised faces but does not reveal what they have seen to the viewer, this builds up tremendous curiosity for the viewers. Then finally, after building up mystery and curiosity, the camera reveal to the viewers what was the cause of the surprise. Another strong element of the film is its characters and the actors who portray them. The characters might not be profoundly deep but their personalities are fully realized thanks not only to the writing, but to the actors who portray them. Joining Goldblum are Sam ONeill as Dr. Alan Grant, Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler, and Richard Attenborough as park creator John Hammond. Even minor characters are populated with strong actors, including Samuel L. Jackson as a computer guru and Wayne Knight as the villain Newman. No film review or nomination could describe the creativity and effort put in Jurassic Park. The suspense and excitement of the film can only be seen by watching the film. Steven Spielberg successfully put all the elements that makes a good movie together effectively, and the result is a master piece. Steven Spielberg besides making the viewer question the films message of ethics and science also makes the viewer question: how did he do it ? He brought the dream to life and made the film unbelievably real and taking ordinary humans closer to an imaginary world were dinosaurs exist. Even though Jurassic Park isnt a kids movie, it evokes a childlike sense of wonder. However, besides the magical part of the movie linking the viewer with their childhood, Jurassic Park is a serious movie, with a strong message. So for me Jurassic park deserves to be the Movie of the year. Nanook of the north: An overview Nanook of the north: An overview The film â€Å"Nanook of the North† is described as one of the first ever documentaries ever made. The filming of this controversial early documentary took place from August 1920 until August 1921. I find this film highly informative, even though Robert J. Flaherty, the producer and director of this film, altered and staged some things that were quite different in reality, a subject that has brought this film some criticism. For example, Nanooks name was really Allakariallak and his â€Å"family† wasnt really his family. So in a way, they were all actors and actresses in their own right, performing their â€Å"lives during the hunt† in front of the camera. Other things that Flaherty decided to change is that he wanted to document this Inuit â€Å"family† as they were back in the older days. While Allakariallak really hunted with a gun, Flaherty persuaded him to hunt in the same methods used by his ancestors so the viewers of this documentary would witness the lives of the Inuit in the Artic before they were influenced by the Europeans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But it was making those criticized changes that made this film so much more informational in a certain sense. Europeans were already pretty familiar with how their society lived, because, well, they were living it. But by making the Inuit individuals in this film portray how they used to live makes the viewers experience a culture as it once was. This film includes demonstrating a variety of the Inuit ways, such as accurately displaying the ancestral customs of how they hunt, fish, and build igloos, while showing how an Inuit family survived their constant battles with nature without the aid of European instruments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This film, although entertaining and informational as most modern documentaries, makes me ponder and not completely sure of my decision on whether I should consider this film as an official first documentary or not. I believe official documentaries are supposed to portray something in a certain time period given that time, along with explanations of whats happening or has happened and what not. In other words, I think it would have been more completely accurate if Robert J. Flaherty showed how Allakariallak lived for real, giving viewers the idea of an Inuit familys life after European influence, instead of how his recent ancestors lived. The reason why I think this would be that even though the limited technology that was available to him back then would not allow him to film things in a completely detailed and definite way (for example, the igloo had to be constructed in a special way so Flahertys camera could capture everything inside correctly), â€Å"Nanook of the North† was altered in far too many aspects to completely accurately show how the Inuit lived in the early twentieth century, if that was Flahertys goal. It was made in a way as to make it seems that Nanook (Allakariallak)s daily life was so much more harsh than it is in real life. In one of the scenes in the film, he is seen laughing at a phonograph and biting into a record as if the objects were strange and foreign to him, and that he had never seen them before. However, it became known later that not only had Allakariallak seen phonographs before, but he was a frequent visitor to a trading post, and owned a snowmobile. This information about his life raises much controversy over whether this be regarded as a true official documentary or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But on the other hand, as I explained above, this film being altered made it more of a documentary of how the Inuits ancestors used to live and survive in the Artic. It showed how they made their living off the land, hunting seals and walruses with a spear, rope, and other handmade hunting weapons. How they intelligently constructed igloos to sleep in during their hunts, and how amazing it was that so many people could fit into a seemingly tiny kayak. How during their struggles with the long hunt, their stomachs could no longer bear the waiting of nourishment, so they had to eat their fill raw. These, among many other things, did correctly show the more ancient ways of the Inuit, which is likely how the film obtained its success. It showed a different way to address their life, while not as much as a gentle walk in the park as a traditional typical European life, did not fail to show even without words that it was teamwork and the bond of the family that kept ever ything swinging in the right way, even in times where things would get more difficult than they would like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for my final opinion on whether â€Å"Nanook of the North† rightly fully earns the title as one of the first developed documentaries, I am still debating this. In a certain sense, as I explained above, it was both accurate about the life of the Inuit and inaccurate about their life at the same time. So I suppose this inspirational story in my opinion as of now, it seemed as if â€Å"Nanook of the North† was more of how a documentary should supposedly be, recording real life, but in a fictitious setting, or in a setting that wasnt true or present at that time. So Im not going to call this an official documentary, but neither am I going to say that its not either. Im going to refer to it as a â€Å"serious Mockumentary†.

Assessment of The World is Flat and A Whole New Mind Essay -- Friedman

Assessment of The World is Flat and A Whole New Mind The widespread adoption of new technologies serves as the driver behind societal alteration. With few exceptions, changes in the framework of society from politics to the individual have been wrought by economic changes; that is, the onward march of societal progression can be traced to changes in the market. Thomas L. Friedman in The World is Flat argues that the recent â€Å"shrinking† of the world in terms of communications has weakened the traditional stronghold America has held over white-collar professions. A similar point (to a degree) is argued by Daniel H. Pink in A Whole New Mind, specifically that the weakening discussed by Friedman will give rise to a demand for a more creative, synergetic, whole-picture type of thought to which Americans are well capable of fulfilling. Ultimately, both works call for a shift of focus to a different set of skills and talent that Americans will need to not only survive, but thrive in the newly forming globalized or flat world. Ultimately, The World is Flat describes the effects technology, specifically the newabundance of cheap global telecommunications and the rapidly expanding and diversifying ways individuals and companies can take advantage of this cheap commodity, will have on the world as it moves into the 21stcentury. This newly created ability to effectively communicate globally in a cheap and high quality manner, Friedman argues, arose from the ashes of the dot-com bubble, and it has monumental effects for China, India, and other developing nations, to the potential detriment of Europe, Japan, and the United States. Since the United States et al can no longer compete with India and China or the ever more sophisticated sof... ...ld to a wide-range of differing groups of unique individuals; in a sense, I can grasp the bigger picture of these three skills. That being said, in order to take advantage of the flat-world platform, I will have to expand my knowledge of technology to make use of the ten flatteners. Flat or Conceptual, either way, our new globalized world spells change for the white-collared worker of the millennium. Our interconnectivity and the availability of cheap labor provide a medium to which new skills must be learned and improved upon if success is to be found. Works Cited Friedman, Thomas L. The World is Flat. New York, New York. Farrar, Straus, Giroux. 2006. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide. 2005. Pink, Daniel H. A Whole New Mind. New York, New York. Penguin Group USA. 2005.

Educational Psychology Essay

Explain the Vygotskian notion of the zone of proximal development. Evaluate the efficacy of approaches to teaching and learning [eg. reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships, and communities of learners] which incorporate this notion. Many theorists throughout the century have developed concepts that have analysed and explained how a child learns during their schooling years. Educational theorist Lev Vygotsky produced the social development theory of learning. He believed social interaction is the primary cause of cognitive development. He named this the zone of proximal development. There are many approaches to learning in the zone of proximal development such as scaffolding, reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships and communities of learning, each with their own unique way of transporting the learner into an easier more motivated state of learning. Compared to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where the child is seen to go through four stages of development; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations, Vygotsky believed that the cognitive developmental process should be analysed through social contexts. He believed that this was a lifelong process that was influenced by social interaction with family, teachers, and friends in the cultural community surrounding the student. He emphasised the instruments that specific cultures provide to maintain thinking, and the idea that children use the instruments they’re given to build their own comprehension of the physical and natural world. He named this the Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky defines this as â€Å"the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Vygotsky, 1978, cited from McInerney and McInerney, 2006,part 1,ch 2,p58). During this time cognitive development takes place. Throughout this development the child is said to go through four stages of growth (Gallimore and Tharp, 1990): 1. Assistance: in their routine from other more capable peers, parents, and teachers. 2. Growing independence: from their more capable peers as they begin to build their own ideas by using self directed speech and assume responsibility for their learning. 3. Automation of response: they develop, make the movement of idea automatic and internalise their thinking. Assistance from others is not needed. 4. De-automatisation and recursion: constant practice of routine is necessary so as not to lose the knowledge and re-enter the zone of proximal development. Sometimes there is always a movement between in and out of the zone of proximal development. Vygotskian principles are evident in everyday teaching practices and are maintained by parents, peers and teachers who believe that using a social constructivist perspective for education will give their child or students the opportunity to grow within themselves through the help of others from different levels of knowledge. Vygotsky believed that the role of the teacher using the zone of proximal development for learning is to find an appropriate stage of complexity for the learner to handle. This is called assisted learning. Teachers provide â€Å"strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence† (Woolfolk, 2001, p49). The teacher must simplify tasks so that they are manageable for the student to deal with. This guidance or help is called scaffolding. It is the support for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, providing and example, or anything else that allows the student to grow as an independent learner. They provide students with the opportunities to further extend their current skills and knowledge. For example, think about a mathematics problem. Assume that the learner has made good progress and the time has come to learn how to do a Pythagoras theorem question. We know that the leaner cannot complete the task independently but has enough knowledge to master the problem with the help from a mathematics teacher. The learner is in the zone of proximal development and will be able to benefit from the scaffolding, in the form of explaining, demonstrating and guiding by the teacher. While doing this, teachers look for discrepancies between student’s effort and the solution they come up with. They are looking to control the frustration and risk that the student encounters. Also they model an idealised version of the act of learning so the learner can use it to help them solve their educational problems (Hausfather, 1996). The key to getting students to help themselves learn independently is not to make the students reinvent information or rediscover it themselves. The teacher must make the information available for the learner to examine and work out their own ideas and solutions whilst allowing them to be open to advice from people who are more informed on the subject. So although scaffolding is an extremely helpful tool for teachers to use in their teaching and their student’s learning, they must make sure that the child is educated in the right approach so as not to deter the child from making advances on their own educational capabilities. Cognitive apprenticeships have proved very useful over the centuries as an effective form of education. The bond that is formed between master and apprentice is both personal and motivating. By working alongside more experienced people, young people are able to learn the tricks of the trade first hand. There is a creation of dialogue between student and teachers that goes beyond answering questions and engages in the discourse more informally (Driscoll, 1994). Communication is important between master and apprentice and the teacher must learn to properly use proxemics, paralanguage, and kinesics right for the outcomes to be reached. The performances required of the learner are real and important and grow more complex as the learner becomes more competent (Collins, Brown, & Holum, 1991). Some academics believe that knowledge and skills learned in school have become separated from the everyday world. To compensate for this, many schools have adopted many of the features of apprenticeships. Apprenticeships in schools would focus on cognitive objectives such as reading, writing, problem solving and mathematical problems. There are six main features of cognitive apprenticeships: 1. Students observe an expert model the performance 2. Students get external support through coaching or tutoring 3. Students receive conceptual scaffolding, which is then gradually faded as the student becomes more competent and proficient 4. Students continually articulate their knowledge – putting into words their understanding of the processes and content being learned. 5. Students reflect on their progress, comparing their problem solving to an expert’s performance and to their own earlier performances 6. Students are required to explore new ways to apply what they are learning – ways that they have not practiced at the master’s side. (Woolfolk, 2001) In the classroom there is normally one teacher to 30 or so students, so where is there time for cognitive apprenticeships? Often there are students on the class that are at a much higher level of capabilities than other less capable students. Teachers put these students into groups where they can learn at a comfortable rate whilst have been immersed in a master and apprentice style learning environment. An example of a cognitive apprenticeship is the notion of reciprocal teaching. This is a method based on modelling, to teach reading comprehension strategies. The goal of reciprocal teaching is to help students understand and think deeply about what they read (Palincsar, 1986). Palincsar’s research has focused attention on strategies that improve reading comprehension. In Brown and Palincsar’s 1989 case study students and teachers took it in turns to lead small group discussions on an important issue. They were shown 4 reading strategies and the students began to teach themselves. This type of educational style showed significant gains over other instructional strategies as they did not allow students to gradually teach themselves. Research on reciprocal teaching has shown some remarkable results. Most research was carried out with students who were younger adolescents who can read fairly accurately so therefore the research doe not have results and data from students who are in a different age group and who are not very capable in reading comprehension skills. So the overall research is not very reliable, however of the students that was involved their reading abilities improved. Those who were in the lower bottom half of their class moved up to average or above average level on tests of reading comprehension. Palincsar has recognized there are three guiding principles for effective reciprocal teaching (Palincsar & Brown, 1984). 1. The shift from teacher control to student responsibility must be gradual. 2. The difficulty of the task and the responsibility must match the abilities of each student and grow as these abilities develop. 3. Teachers should carefully observe the â€Å"teaching† of each student for clues about how the student is thinking and what kinds of instruction the student needs. By considering reciprocal teaching, instructional approaches are used to emphasise social interaction between student’s active constructions of meaning. In a community of learners, students and teachers together construct a culture that values the strengths of all participants and respects their interests, abilities, languages, and dialects. Students and teachers shift among the roles of expert, researcher, learner, and teacher, supporting themselves and each other. There are different ways to help create a community of learners. Collaboration is a technique that teachers and student can use to enrich their solutions to harder and complex problems. Students may work with small groups in the classroom, between small groups creating difference of opinions and with others on a larger scale. One of the advantages of having students work in groups solving problems is that they will be called on to explain their proposed solutions to one another (Woolfolk, 2001). Putting solutions into words usually improves problem solving. Collaboration provides shared responsibility, enhanced communication, new questions, new answers, engaged learners and enthused teachers. Research suggests that computer technology is a cultural tool that mediates and internalises the students learning. Changing their learning contexts with different technology is a powerful learning activity (Crawford, 1996). With children learning more about computers at an earlier age they are able to interact with others that are not on the same level of ability as them, thus creating a technological community of learners. Teaching students in the modern era can guarantee a more exciting and unpredictable learning experience sort out by many in society. Vygotsky perspectives uphold many beliefs about how students learn. The zone of proximal development was and still is challenging modern thinking about effective teaching and learning in philosophical ways. By examining Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development teachers are able to recognise that students of similar ages will be experiencing similar concerns and interests but there will be differences for each individual. Each student is different. Different from adults, different from each other and as such teachers have to provide for these individual differences in each area of learning. The learning process is very active. Vygotsky emphasises the need for experience and social interaction and that they play a key role in development. The development of a student is an important factor in deciding on the subject matter to be taught, the resources and knowledge experiences to present, the teaching strategies to be used and the procedures for evaluating learning. In order to appreciate, transmit, correspond and cooperate with students, teachers and peers must know how they think feel and act at different ages. They must learn to use the zone of proximal development to help their students determine their own opinions and ideas on life itself in the classroom and in the home community. From assisted learning and the scaffolding style of teaching, to cognitive apprenticeships and a full community of learners, students are able to mature their knowledge levels through the zone of cognitive development so as to become a stronger and more inquisitive student during their educational years of schooling.

Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay

Medical intercession contributes to a addition in life anticipation albeit to differing grades depending on mark populations2. Therefore, the quality of services provided is straight relative to the addition in life anticipation. The fleet growing in the Numberss of physicians in the United Kingdom in the last decennary was seen to be a step to suit the lifting figure of hospital admittances that rose as a consequence of the increased life expectancy3. The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issuesImplement and proctor pharmaceutical attention programFormulate and document a pharmaceutical attention programFigure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning CycleTo get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subsequently, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been identified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13.Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi )Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked.Beta BlockersTreatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore , deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11.Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB )ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11.Aldosterone AdversariesAldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contrai ndicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32.Diuretic drugsFluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11.DigoxinIn a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but u nluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient.

Michel de Montaigne Essays

Michel de Montaigne Essays Michel de Montaigne Essay Michel de Montaigne Essay Throughout his career working as a philosopher, Montages writing developed into something more personal. His works began to examine the world through his own perspective, particularly, in his three books, the Essays, written between the periods of 1570- 1592. The word, assai in French means trial or attempt. Thus, Montages writing attempted to explore his personal thoughts in order to explain the nature of the human mind and body. It is through his intellectual thought process of looking within the self that he is considered the father of Modern Skepticism. In Book 1, Chapter 21 of his Essays, Imitation recalls the tale of Marie/ German, a female who grew a penis. The story of Marie/German challenges the readers mind in identifying the absolute division between what categorizes someone as male and female. The Oxford English Dictionary defines sex as different to gender. In the sense, sex tends to refer to biological differences, while Gender refers to cultural and socially constructed roles, behaviors and activities. 1 However, Imitation challenges societies presupposed definitions between sex and gender. In the case of Marie/ German, Imitation defines hermaphrodite by suggesting that the imagination results in the transformation into the opposite gender. In other words, a woman can become a man by fixating on forms of masculinity. Therefore to Imitation, sex and gender is generated through the mind; the power of imagination and desire affirms how gender was understood as a state of mind throughout the Renaissance. In the Essays Imitation recalls the story of Marie/German while traveling through Vitro-IEEE-Franà §ois, France. He explains, I was able to see a man to whom the Bishop of Sessions had even the name of German at his confirmation: until the age of twenty-two he had been known by sight to all the townsfolk as a girl named Marie. He was then an old man with a full beard; he remained unmarried. He said that he had been straining to jump when his male organs appeared. It is not surprising tat this sort Of occurrence happens frequently. For if the imagination does have any power in such matters, in so girls it dwells so constantly and so forcefully on sex that it can Ore easily make that male organ a part of their bodies. 2 The story of Marie/German describes a girl who had reached puberty, and while jumping over a ditch she suddenly found that she had possessed a penis. 3 When Marie told her mother what had happened to her they consult surgeons and doctors to analyze her transformation. 4 The doctors and surgeons agreed that Marie had become a boy. So, she was brought to the towns local bishop where she was given a new male name, German. Galenas work, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, reflects the transformation of Marie/German from a girl to a boy. The physician single sex theory explains that women have as much hidden inside the body as men have exposed on the outside of their bodies-5 For this reason, Galenas theory further suggests that due to the lack of bodily heat, the female is less perfect than the male. Moreover, he explains that the animal (male) that contains more bodily heat more active and as a result more perfect. 6 Therefore, the reason why the female retains an inverted version of the male organs inside her body is because she is colder. However, due to the physical movement of Marie jumping across the ditch, the jumping produced excesses heat resulting in the transformation from girl to boy. Richard L. Regression explains hat the same sex theory is based on a physiological difference of sex determined through the location of the genitals. 7 However, Galenas single sex theory is also culturally motivated; the conception of the location of genitals On the body reflects a hierarchy Of gender differences between sexes-8 Ambrose Par explains this hierarchy by suggesting that sex-change is possible for a woman to become a man, it was not possible for a man to be a woman. Nature always tends towards that which was most perfect, and it is male that is most perfect. 9 It is for this reason that men are more perfect Han females. Furthermore, Par insists that women should be excused for trying to be men because they are just aspiring to reach absolute perfection, which is to become male. In Montages account of Marie/German gender is a state of mind; a state of mind that through imagination a sex change can occur. So, when Marie acted like a boy by jumping across the ditch her body punished her through the growth of the male organ. In this way, sex change is a consequence of thinking differently by imagining yourself as the opposite sex. Therefore, Montages idea of hermaphrodite and sex change is pendent upon the ways in which society codes gender roles-10 Thus, Marie/ German functions as an example of how sex is an agent to societal and cultural ideals. Montages story of Marie/German links imagination to gender. Specifically, imagination is a bridge between the mind and the body; it gives the mind awareness of the physical world, generating a perspective. 1 Therefore, gender is formative, especially in the case of Marie/German, because in order to become a male Marie had to act like a boy. Judith Butler explores the subject of gender as formative in her article, Bodily Inscriptions, Formative Subversion. Specifically, Butler challenges the progress of gender performance as an affect of gender identity. She believes that sex is a social construct, and gender is determined through the perception of the body. 12 Therefore, the idea of performance in gender is based on actions. Actions construct gender for the reason that gender is something that does not come naturally; rather, it is culturally imposed. Accordingly, Marie/Germans knowledge of what it meant to be male is what affects her transformation into a man. It is through the force of her manly imagination that Marie/German suffers the repercussions of growing a penis. Therefore, sexual transformation is linked to the mind; it is the performance of acting in a way that applies to a specific gender that links the mind to the body, creating actions and behaviors that suit cultural norms. This is why Marie/Germans imagination resulted in a consequential bodily change. Anatomical changes cannot only occur in acting like a boy but also in the mind through a state of desire. In the case of Marie/German, Imitation suggests that the tale is essentially a male trapped in a female?s body. He proposes hat the only way to control the other within the body is to give, in this case a woman, a penis as a way to regulate their desire and thereby obliterate discrepancy between gender and sex. 13 Therefore, desire in this case, is a force to imagination. For without the feeling of desire we cannot imagine. In Pargs version of Marie/German, he suggests that the females imagination is generated through the desires to produce monstrous offspring. However, this draws away from the idea of imagination entirely. On the other hand, Montages case of the hermaphrodite is strictly concerned with the tension twine the physical reality of the female body and her desire to be a man. Thus, women are moved by the their desires. It was Marie/Germans desire to become a male that resulted in her vigorous jump over the ditch and her transformation into a male. Michel De Montages story of Marie/ German explains that acting like a boy could produce anatomical changes throughout the Renaissance. It is through desire, imagination and ultimately performance that forces anatomical changes to the body. For Marie to think and act like a boy at such a young age, she transformed her body and grew a penis. Marie/ Germans case is an example of how hermaphrodite is still considered an ambiguous gender. This ambiguity is problematic because it is society that needs people to be gendered. Therefore, gender is an identity that is constructed in time.

Renewable Energy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renewable Energy - Research Proposal Example The trend of FDI is common among developed countries of the world including the United States. In the US, technologies have been developed and utilized efficiently to meet the needs of renewable energy in the country (Nations, 2010). However, with the increasing population and their demands of daily use for home, businesses and transport, it has become important to secure basis for the USs future energy needs and so the need of FDI in the energy sector. In an official report by OCO Global (2012), it was stated that the United State is facing challenges and lack of opportunities in terms of Foreign Direct Investment. Though, during the government of former president Bill Clinton it was noticed that $1 billion were invested in coal plant and a great many improvements had been made in solar and wind turbines. It is evident from the fact, at that time 1900, jobs were opened in solar energy sector and 3,300 jobs were offered in wind turbine sectors of energy industry. FDI market reports have revealed that there is an exceptional form of political and social force that prop up the development and evolution of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, it has been evaluated by the researchers that political leaders of the US and other countries as well emphasize on clearer and more sustainable sources of renewable energy that can help the country to fulfill future needs of the population (Energy Politics, 2012). AEO (2012) report discusses that previous and present both governments has always targeted to have set goals, when it comes to alternatives for renewable energy sources. Likewise, in the United States the New Energy for American program has a 25 percent target for coming years particularly focusing 2025. Payne and Yu, (2011) report discusses that an increasing flow of FDI in the United State can potentially accelerate the economic growth and

Comparison of U.S. and Other Healthcare System Assignment

Comparison of U.S. and Other Healthcare System - Assignment Example Government provides insurance through Medicare and Medicaid. Private or government covers the cost of healthcare depending on individual plan. Despite provision of insurance by government and private sector, significant numbers of people in the U.S. remain uninsured. Riegelman and Kirkwood (2014, pp. 217-218) point out that close to 15% of the U.S. population do not have insurance. The study further reveals that, 20 million people in the U.S. will remain uninsured. The delivery services provided by the US healthcare system are dominated by private practice with close to 33% primary care physicians and 66% specialist. The healthcare system of other advanced countries such as Canada and the UK are a bit different. The state of Canada spends close to 10% of the gross domestic product, GDP financed by 30% individual private insurance and 70% government taxes. Canadian state provides insurances for critical and basic services. They are also subsidies services for poor individuals. The similarity between the US and Canadian healthcare system is that both are dominated by private practice. However, the Canadian system has a balance primary care physicians and specialist accounting to 50% each unlike the U.S. healthcare system indicated above (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2014, p. 218). Canada healthcare system provides a wide range of insurance; both government and private insurance are accessible to the population. The government funds necessities in healthcare and preventive measures with the assurance that all individuals have access. Additionally, private insurers are not permitted by the government to provide insurance for basic medical services. The Canadian government subsidies insurance medical services such as homecare, long-term care and drugs. Private insurers are also allowed to insure such medical services. Additionally, the state keeps the cost down by negotiating the cost of bulk purchases of medical necessitates such as